did catherine de medici have a daughter named clarissa (2023)

He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours, but the young Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, knocked him half out of the saddle. [4] Some time later, she gave birth to Francis . For a summary of the fluctuations in Catherine's historical reputation, see the preface to R. J. Knecht's. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Caterina de Medici, Catherine de Mdicis, Emeritus Professor of Early Modern History, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London. I see him rushing towards his ruin. Blunt, 98, 100. [141] An infertile woman, and in particular an infertile queen, was therefore regarded as 'unnatural' and a small step from supernatural. Heritier, 48, has the twins' deaths the other way round. Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." "[106] As usual, Catherine advised the king, who had fled the city in the nick of time, to compromise and live to fight another day. Catherine de Medici was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. [39] For the moment, Catherine worked with the Guises out of necessity. The death of Pope Leo in 1521 briefly interrupted Medici power until Cardinal Giulio de' Medici was elected Pope Clement VII in 1523. [125], Catherine de' Medici's great love among the arts was architecture. On one occasion, in March 1578, she lectured him for six hours about his dangerously subversive behaviour. Princess Henriette, Princess Henriette, Princess Margaret, and Clarissa all died young, leaving Catherine with an illegitimate daughter. Henry of Navarre, son of Jeanne dAlbret, and Margaret of Valois, Catherines daughter. The Queen of France had faced many challenges all her life to have revolutionized what France is today. The imperial ambassador reported that in the presence of guests, Henry would sit on Diane's lap and play the guitar, chat about politics, or fondle her breasts. Catherine sent her only enough "to put food on her table". The last two daughters were twins; one of the twins, Joan, died during the delivery and the other, Victoire, died a few weeks later. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". Some even suggested that she be handed over to the troops to be used for their sexual gratification. According to the diplomat Simon Renard, the birth nearly killed Catherine,[150] and the royal couple were advised by the King's physician to have no further children. To create the necessary dramas, music, and scenic effects for these events, Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day. Her essentially moderate influence was first perceptible during the Conspiracy of Amboise (March 1560), an instance of tumultuous petitioning by the Huguenot gentry, primarily against Guisard persecution in the name of the King. One of her first acts was to force Diane de Poitiers to hand over the crown jewels and return the Chteau de Chenonceau to the crown. [28] Although she sometimes acted as regent during his absences from France, her powers were strictly nominal. However, the death of her uncle Clement on 25 September 1534 undermined Catherine's standing in the French court. Today marks the 500th anniversary of the day Catherine de' Medici (15191589) came into this world. She begged him to ensure that Elisabeth eats but two meals each day and only bread in between meals. Tragically, Elisabeth had died two weeks earlier after giving birth prematurely. Meanwhile, Cond raised an army and in autumn 1560 began attacking towns in the south. Listed works of art included tapestries, hand-drawn maps, sculptures, rich fabrics, ebony furniture inlaid with ivory, sets of china, and Limoges pottery. However, Catherine maintained the monarchy and the state institutions functioning, even at a minimum level. She is portrayed by Rebecca Liddiard. I've never thought that, as they say, you eat little children. [81] On 29 September, when Navarre knelt before the altar as a Roman Catholic, having converted to avoid being killed, Catherine turned to the ambassadors and laughed. [60], In 1566, through the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie, and because of a long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance, Charles and Catherine proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French Huguenots and French and German Lutherans in Ottoman-controlled Moldavia, in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the Habsburg. Margaret later recalled that she saved the lives of several prominent Huguenots during the massacre by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins. She is also known for her involvement in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (1572)part of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298)and for being mother to three kings of France. Catherine de Medici, wife to one French king and mother to three more, died at Blois in 1589. Once in control of the royal purse, she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades. [43] Others they drowned in the river or strung up around the battlements while Catherine and the court watched. In desperation, Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant, such as placing cow dung and ground stags' antlers on her "source of life", and drinking mule's urine. Her eldest daughter was Elisabeth, and she was born on 2 April 1545. Pettegree, 154; Hoogvliet, 105. She was just 11 years old when she married Charles, Duke of Lorraine in January 1559 in a splendid ceremony at the Notre-Dame. From that moment, she abandoned compromise for a policy of repression. I have done to him what he was going to do to me. [86], In 1576, in a move that endangered Henry's throne, Francis allied with the Protestant princes against the crown. WebPrincess Claude of Valois was born on November 12, 1547 in Fontainebleau, France, as the 2nd daughter & 3rd child born to King Henry II & his wife Queen Catherine de Medici. On 5 January 1589, Catherine died at the age of sixty-nine, probably from pleurisy. The years during which her sons reigned have been called "the age of Catherine de' Medici" since she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France.[1]. Just six days after the wedding the St. Bartholomews Day massacre a group of assassinations followed by a wave of violence after the Huguenots who were there for the wedding took place. [31] The surviving daughter, Victoire, died seven weeks later. When King Francis I died on 31 March 1547, Catherine became queen consort of France. Catherine's daughter, Marguerite, was understandably not thrilled with a scheme that involved her mother seducing her husband by proxy. Henry hired Swiss troops to help him defend himself in Paris. Her three other daughters did survive to adulthood. "[113] He added that she had no sooner died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead goat. It has been suggested that Catherine educated her son, Henry III, in the dark arts,[145] and that "the two devoted themselves to sorceries that were scandals of the age". Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret, her youngest daughter, to Navarre. Her ability and eloquence were acclaimed after the Spanish victory of Saint-Quentin in Picardy in 1557, possibly the origin of her perpetual fear of Spain, which remained, through changing circumstances, the touchstone of her judgments. [56] The Catholics took Rouen, but their triumph was short-lived. "If Monsieur de Guise had perished sooner", she told the Venetian ambassador, "peace would have been achieved more quickly". "[68] Catherine called Jeanne, whose decision to rebel posed a dynastic threat to the Valois, "the most shameless woman in the world". Notify me of follow-up comments by email. On 16 October 1568, Catherine wrote to Elisabeths husband to offer advice during Elisabeths pregnancy. She also met her daughter Elisabeth at Bayonne near the Spanish border, amidst lavish court festivities. She had always enjoyed her visits to Claude, and now that would never be the same. At the time, Henry was besieging Paris with the King of Navarre, who would succeed him as Henry IV of France. However, Catherine's ability to bear children failed to improve her marriage. Catherine then spent an hour trying to make Margaret presentable again. Where was Catherine de Medici born and raised? She was buried, but she went on to escape from her gravesite. They depict events held at Fontainebleau in 1564; at Bayonne in 1565 for the summit meeting with the Spanish court; and at the Tuileries in 1573 for the visit of the Polish ambassadors who presented the Polish crown to Catherine's son Henry of Anjou. Greg Bryk, an actor, played him. Catherine believing her daughter had died in the forest, while Clarissa never knew who her birth parents were. However, he denied ever providing such advice. He often hid from state affairs, immersing himself in acts of piety, such as pilgrimages and flagellation. Catherine de' Medici's parents die when she was a baby; however, it was from separate sicknesses. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions. He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy. Nevertheless, she was devastated at Elisabeths loss. [4] Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power. On 12 May 1588, they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise. Therefore, her policies may be seen as desperate measures to keep the House of Valois on the throne at all costs and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline. He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust". Catherine travelled to Chtellerault where she bid farewell to her 13-year-old daughter. [40] Nevertheless, all his official acts began with the words: "This being the good pleasure of the Queen, my lady-mother, and I also approving of every opinion that she holdeth, am content and command that". Subscribe to our weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! [148] Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for witchcraft in Italy. The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine's thirteen-year-old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain. In spite of Henrys abiding attachment to his mistress Diane de Poitiers, Catherines marriage was not unsuccessful and, after 10 anxious years, she bore him 10 children, of whom 4 boys and 3 girls survived. In 1578, she took on the task of pacifying the south. Anyone who tells you differently is a liar. In fact, by her death, that land was filled with regrets, and M. de Lorraine mourned her so much that, though he was young when widowed of her, he would not marry again, saying he could never find her like, though could he do so he would remarry, not being disinclined. They chose therefore to strike first and wipe out the Huguenot leaders while they were still in Paris after the wedding. [136][137] They point out that Catherine's father-in-law, King Francis I, and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy's most lite tables during the king's Italian campaigns (and that an earlier generation had done so during King Charles VIII's invasion of 1494); that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de' Medici's father to her French-born mother; and that she had little influence at court until her husband's death because he was so besotted by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. Henry's death in 1559 thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. In the words of historian Jules Michelet, "St Bartholomew was not a day, but a season". Slowly, however, he lost his sight, speech, and reason, and on 10 July 1559 he died, aged 40. Catherine appointed a mixed commission of moderates that devised two formulas of consummate ambiguity, by which they hoped to resolve the basic, Eucharist controversy. She was left with a desire for revenge against her mother, saving Mary, Queen of Scots from Colin MacPhail when Catherine sent Colin to rape her in 1557; she then helped Colin in attempting to escape from prison by marking another prisoner for death in his stead. It was designed by Francesco Primaticcio (15041570), with sculpture by Germain Pilon (15281590). At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music. Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. [69], Catherine looked to further Valois interests by grand dynastic marriages. Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke against the Guise persecutions, though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots, whose beliefs she never shared. Her marriage to Henry would remain childless. [134] The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities. She was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298). Henry's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers, Charles, who became a cardinal, and Henry's boyhood friend Francis, who became Duke of Guise. Henry was a prize catch for Catherine, who, despite her wealth, was of common origin. [32] Catherine brought her up with her own children at the French court, while Mary of Guise governed Scotland as her daughter's regent.[33]. She herself supervised their education. Suspicions of poison abounded, from Catherine to Emperor Charles V.[24] Sebastiano de Montecuccoli confessed under torture to poisoning the Dauphin.[24]. WebDuring this time, Catherine had an affair with Richard, and had a baby girl with him, who became the castle 'ghost', Clarissa. [75] A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window, but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse. Three days later, Admiral Coligny was walking back to his rooms from the Louvre when a shot rang out from a house and wounded him in the hand and arm. Updates? Died in infancy. In October 1586, therefore, he had Margaret locked up in the Chteau d'Usson. In 1570, Charles IX married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor. Historian Frances Yates has called her "a great creative artist in festivals. She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. [98] As Catherine put it, "peace is carried on a stick" (bton porte paix). Catherine de Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 154759) and subsequently regent of France (156074), who was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars. [46], When Catherine realized Francis was going to die, she made a pact with Antoine de Bourbon by which he would renounce his right to the regency of the future king, Charles IX, in return for the release of his brother Cond. She shared the same birthmark as her father, so Catherine had Nostradamus' father, a physician, attempt to remove the birthmark from Clarissa. Historians regard the occasion as an early example of Catherine's statesmanship. The challenges Catherine faced were complex and in some ways difficult for her to comprehend as a foreigner. Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England. [55] The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot-held Rouen. The young couple had been married the year before at Amboise as part of the alliance between King Francis I of France and Lorenzo's uncle Pope Leo X against the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Jeanne replied: "Pardon me if, reading that, I want to laugh, because you want to relieve me of a fear that I've never had. For the first ten years of the marriage, the royal couple failed to produce any children together. The papal nuncio Salviati observed, "it is only with difficulty that we can imagine there will be offspring physicians and those who know him well say that he has an extremely weak constitution and will not live long." After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. [124] Owing to its synthesis of dance, music, verse, and setting, the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet. After her brother's premature death in 1519, she educated his daughter Catherine, the future Queen of France . When Henry II died in 1559 Catherine de Medici went on to rule France in the name of her sons for the next 3 decades, until her death in 1589. In the Series Season One Season Two Season Three Season Four In 1558, she was considered for Don Carlos, the eldest son of King Philip II of Spain. Frieda 2003, p. 48 (NY edition): "J'ai reu la fille toute nue." Catherine met Coligny, but he refused to back down. The wedding, a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift-giving,[19] took place in the glise Saint-Ferrol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), The Year of the Duchess of Windsor (2021), The Year of Empress Elisabeth (Sisi) (2022), Burial places of the Queens and Consorts of England, Burial places of the Queens Consort of France, Burial places of the Queens and Consorts of Portugal, Burial Places of the Queens and Consorts of Spain, Carolina of Orange-Nassau Ancestress of the Royal Houses of Europe, Queen Wilhelmina A collection of articles. The Guise brothers set about persecuting the Protestants with zeal. Even so, he respected Catherine's status as his consort. What has he done? [26] Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter, Elisabeth. She was born less than 20 years ago to the couple while the Queen's husband was away. Over the years, Catherine gave birth to ten children of which five were daughters. There is so much treachery about that I die of fear. Piero II de Medici+ b. On 25 November 1579, she wrote to the king, "You are on the eve of a general revolt. She therefore told him: "Since you rely on your forces, we will show you ours". I have had him killed. "[90] The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine's dynastic dreams. The death of her husband's older brother in 1536 made Henry and Catherine next in line for the throne. She died on 27 March 1615.2. Catherine was born in Florence to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. [34] Their proxy wedding, in Paris on 22 June 1559, was celebrated with festivities, balls, masques, and five days of jousting. Catherine herself had been educated by Cosimo Ruggeri in astrology and astronomy, which were closely linked in her day[143] and were an academic rather than a Satanic activity,[144] although his general background and favourite status suggests there was more to it than that. In an age of civil war and declining respect for the monarchy, she sought to bolster royal prestige through lavish cultural display. Sebastian instead had Clarissa poisoned to fulfill Nostradamus' prophecy that Mary's arrival at the French court would cause Catherine's firstborn's death; Clarissa was technically Catherine's first child, and her death supposedly saved the sickly Prince Francis, the oldest legitimate child, from his own death. Catherine sent Pomponne de Bellivre to Navarre to arrange Margaret's return. [65] She told the Venetian ambassador in June 1568 that all one could expect from Huguenots was deceit, and she praised the Duke of Alba's reign of terror in the Netherlands, where Calvinists and rebels were put to death in the thousands. In the Treaty of Nemours, signed on 7 July 1585, he was forced to give in to all the League's demands, even that he pay its troops. Catherine would later be referred to contemptuously in France as the shopkeepers daughter. The start of Season One, in 1557, Diane de Poitiers was actually 58 years old. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery. Sutherland, Yet on 22 December 1588, Guise spent the night with his current mistress. The chronicler L'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day. Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III, who died seven months after her, and Margaret, who inherited her robust health. Huguenot writers branded Catherine a scheming Italian, who had acted on Machiavelli's principles to kill all enemies in one blow. The birth nearly cost Catherine her life. [53] Guise, who called the massacre "a regrettable accident", was cheered as a hero in the streets of Paris while the Huguenots called for revenge. [128], Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings. He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life but outlived her by just seven months. [102] The monarchy had lost control of the country, and was in no position to assist England in the face of the coming Spanish attack. Catherine was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. As a baby, she was given to Nostradamus' father who tried to remove the mark but only ended up making it worse. [107] The king's actions effectively ended her days of power. They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France. [127] These included work on the Chteau de Montceaux, Chteau de Saint-Maur, and Chenonceau. WebClarice di Piero de' Medici (14891528) [1] was the daughter of Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici and Alfonsina Orsini . [58] On 19 March 1563, the Edict of Amboise, also known as the Edict of Pacification, ended the war. Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives the English translation ""The girl has been given to me stark naked." Francis II became king at the age of fifteen. Over the years, the two Queens were to maintain an energetic correspondence. Nevertheless, popular culture frequently attributes Italian culinary influence and forks in France to Catherine.

Nate And Dixie My Lottery Dream Home,Yensa Bc Foundation Dupe,Mancini's Pepperoni Roll Recipe,Articles D